You only need to write the draft of the paper and this is the whole requirements of the paper. It needs to be between three and five pages.

“For the final paper, you will address the following questions:  What grand strategy should the U.S. adopt in an increasingly turbulent world? Is there a conflict between U.S. national interests and international  concerns,  or  do  the  two  approximately  align?  Which  of  the  two  should  the  U.S. prioritize as it devises and conducts its foreign policy, and which strategic methods and tools best  serve this objective? Should the U.S. be more or less active in international affairs? 

The final paper should be no shorter than five double spaced pages and should not exceed ten page s in length. Your initial paper draft (due July 1) should include your thesis, construct the beginnings 

of an argument supporting this thesis, and carefully incorporate relevant evidence to bolster your 

argument.  A  good  draft  will  also  consider  alternative arguments  and  address  any  evidence  that seems to contradict the stated thesis. This initial draft should be between three and five pages that is,  roughly  half  the  length  of  your  eventual  final  document.  You  should  submit  it  as  a  word document or text file (not as a PDF) to the relevant Carmen assignment page. 

You will also engage in the peer review process to help fellow students improve their initial drafts, and  you  will  utilize  their  peer  reviews  to  improve  your  own.  All  peer  reviewed  drafts  will  be anonymous: I will circulate an anonymized version of your draft to two other students, who will 

then produce a review. The best of these reviews will restate the central thesis and main arguments 

of the paper, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and sug

gest potential revisions. I will then 

grade these reviews on the quality of the feedback you provide to your peers. 

The final draft of your paper should be a thorough revision of your initial draft, taking into account 

my earlier feedback as well as the pe

er review comments you received. It should also include a 

clearly  stated  introduction  (What  is  your  Thesis?),  a  carefully  articulated  argument  integrating 

sources  from  class,  a  section  discussing  and  rebutting  potential  counterarguments,  a  conclusion 

summarizing and crystallizing your central claims, and an appended bibliography. Throughout the 

paper,  you  should  cite  all  your  sources;  my  preferred  citation  format  is  the  Chicago  Manual  of 

Style, but any standard formatting style, e.g. MLA and APA, will be accepted. For this particular 

paper, simply ensure you consistently use your chosen citation style. “

Let me start by saying, communication is so important not only in international relations but also in everyday life. World War I, World War II, and the Cold War all needed effective and timely communication to reach the end of the war.

Prior to WWI, Russian and German leaders communicated using telegrams and communicated well as these two leaders were cousins. Since these two leaders were able to communicate so quickly, Russia was able to mobilize its troops and prepare for what would be known as World War I. This communication was also effective in sounding the alarm of Austrian forces to gain a better foothold in the conflict.

The book then moves to The League of Nations. “The League of Nations was the first international institution to embody the collective security approach to the use of military power. The Covenant of the League spelled out the various provisions of collective security” (Nau, p.127). Obviously, with WWII as a result, the League of Nations failed, however, it did demonstrate effective communication leading up to the war. A more notable communication in WWII was the D-Day Ghost Transmission which was an effective form of secret telegrams that detailed the invasion on Normandy Beaches but, some telegrams were faked to throw off the Germans. “To support the deception, British intelligence agents had spread hints of a Calais invasion so convincingly that the Germans believed they had discovered a great military secret” (Nilsson, 2014). This timely and effective communication between President Eisenhower and Allied leaders helped win the war.

Finally, the Cold War, which I would consider this war to be based on communications since there was not an actual use of arms. The United States and the Soviet Union were able to effectively communicate using diplomacy and mediation causing the Cold War to be settled without the use of weapons. This caused both sides to agree on the number of nuclear weapons owned without bloodshed.

Nau, Henry R. Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, and Ideas, 6th Edition. CQ Press, 20180130. VitalBook file.

Nilsson, J. (2014, June 5). D-Day: The Century’s Best Kept Secret. Retrieved June 26, 2018, from http://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2014/06/05/history/post-perspective/d-day-the-centurys-best-kept-secret.html

Effective Communication 

Effective communication and creating alliances, a liberal perspective, has been effective means of mitigating the shift towards hostile action. In the years surrounding World War I, World War II, and the Cold War communication were able to solidify alliances.

World War I

During World War I, from the realist perspective, before the start of the war in 1904, Britain in practicing self-help had a choice between aligning with a newly formed and quickly rising superpower Germany or France to create a counterbalance (Nau, 2017). Britain Chose to counterbalance Germany and aligned themselves with France (Nau, 2017). They formed an institution called Entente Cordiale which opened communication between the two countries (Nau, 2017). A year later the duo folded Russia into the institution and formed the Triple Entente (Nau, 2017). Additionally, before the war for almost a hundred years the Concert of Europe also kept the lines of communication open (Nau, 2017). In 1899, twenty-six states joined what was known as the Hague Conferences, and by 1907 the conference grew to forty-four (Nau, 2017). The institution created a level of trade and communication that was more efficient than the next fifty years (Nau, 2017). The best example of communication that was both timely and effective is the Willy-Nicky telegrams. Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Tsar Nicholas II of Germany sent a series of telegrams shortly after the Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia (Nau, 2017). They two leaders, through communication, was almost able to keep the war to a regional conflict instead of a world war (Nau, 2017). Germany on the onset of war actually pulled their troops out of France to try and limit the battle (Nau, 2017). Although the war happened, communication in the Willy-Nicky telegrams almost prevented it.

World War II

When it came to World War II, there are two examples of communication that stands out. The first is the League of Nations. When the League of Nations was formed, it was modeled after Woodrow Wilson’s desire for “open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, general disarmament, removal of trade barriers, and impartial settlement of colonial claims” (Nau, 2017, Ch. 3). The League of Nations aims was to obtain collective security, and until Germany and Japan decided to pull out (Nau, 2017). The League of Nations was timely because it brought the world together after it was torn apart from the World War I and was effective in providing collective security through open diplomacy. The second example of effective communication between two nations was the Russia “bandwagoning” onto Germany just before World War II. Stalin (Nau, 2017). Russia was faced with two choices; it could join the militarily stronger Germany or a weaker France/Great Britain (Nau, 2017). Stalin entered into negations with both sides but through the Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement entered into a nonaggression pact with Germany (Nau, 2017). The communication was timely because it took place the same year World War II started and it was effective because Russia understood that Germany wanted to expand eastward and was seeking to placate or a the very least delay the German aggression.

Cold War

As far as the Cold War is a concern, there are a plethora of examples to communications between two nations that were shaping the international community. Two great example of this is the Warsaw Pact, that felicitated communication between the communist nations, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which felicitated communication between the noncommunist actors in the Cold War. The best example, and the one that has the most impact on the world, though was the Helsinki Accords. The Helsinki Accords was a meeting of thirty-five nations from the East and the West, in which the nations agree to a series of policies separated into three baskets (Nau, 2017). The first basket contained ten principles dealing with military and political issues (Helsinki Final Act, n.d.). The second basket set policies on trade, scientific cooperation, and other economic issues (Helsinki Final Act, n.d.). The third basket focused on human rights, including reunification of families divided by international borders (Helsinki Final Act, n.d.). The Helsinki Accord was part of a larger emphasis on diplomacy known as détente (Nau, 2017). From the liberal perspective, the communication that took place in the Helsinki Accord created interdependence and trade, which made countries less suspicious of one another and create an atmosphere conducive to New Thinking (Nau, 2017). The interdependence created by the Helsinki Accord made the communication effective, and the ability to be one of the catalysts for ending the Cold War made it timely.  

References

Helsinki Final Act, 1975. (n.d.). Office of the Historian. Retrieved June 27, 2018, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/helsinkiLinks to an external site.

Nau, H. R. (2017). Perspectives on international relations: Power, institutions, and ideas (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: CQ Press.